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Below are several alternative systematic ways of writing scientific papers:
1. First Alternative
- Level 1: all capital letters, bold, and centered (chapter titles)
- Level 2: all capital letters, bold, and placed on the left edge
- Level 3: small caps, bold, and placed on the left edge
- Stage 4: uppercase, lowercase, italic, bold, and placed on the left edge
- Level 5: lowercase letters, except for the first letter of the first word, 2 cm from the left edge, bold, and ending with a period.
Description items or examples:
- a). Hierarchical items, indicated by numbers and letters in brackets, such as (1) and (a)
- b). Non-hierarchical items, expressed by bullets, such as - and ?
Example:
BAB II
PERINGKAT SATU
...............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
PERINGKAT DUA
...............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
Peringkat Tiga
...............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
*Peringkat Empat*
...............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
Peringkat lima.
......................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................2. Second Alternative
- Stage 1: same as the first alternative
- Level 2: marked with 2-digit numbers separated by dots, but not ending with dots, all capital letters, bold, and placed on the left edge
- Level 3: same as level 2, only marked with 3 digits
- Level 4: same as level 2, only marked with 4 digits
- Level 5: same as level 2, only marked with 5 digits
Description items or examples:
- a). Hierarchical items, indicated by numbers and letters in brackets, such as (1) and (a)
- b). Non-hierarchical items, expressed by bullets, such as - and ?
Example:
BAB II
PERINGKAT SATU
...............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
2.1 PERINGKAT DUA
...............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
2.1.1 PERINGKAT TIGA
...............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
2.1.1.1 PERINGKAT EMPAT
...............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
2.1.1.1.1 PERINGKAT LIMA
...............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................3. Third Alternative
- Stage 1: same as the first alternative
- Level 2: with capital letters (A, B, C, etc.) using dots and written in uppercase, lowercase and bold
- Rank 3: same as rank 2, but with numerical order (1, 2, 3, etc.)
- Level 4: same as level 2, but with lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc.)
- Rank 5: same as rank 2, but with the number sequence (1, 2, 3, etc.) using closing brackets without a period.
Description items or examples:
- a). Hierarchical items, indicated by numbers and letters in brackets, such as (1) and (a)
- b). Non-hierarchical items, expressed by bullets, such as - and ?
Example:
BAB II
PERINGKAT SATU
...............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
A. Peringkat Dua
...............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
1\. Peringkat Tiga
...............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
a. Peringkat Empat
...............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
1) Peringkat Lima
...............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................4. How to Refer and Write a Reference List
a. Writing Citations
1) Direct quotes < 40 words
Written between quotation marks (" "), followed by the author's name, year and page.
Example:
Soebronto (1990:123) concluded "there is a close relationship between social factors and learning progress".
2) Direct quotes > 40 words
- Written in quotation marks (" ") separately from the preceding text
- Written 1.2 cm from the left and right edges
- Typed with single spacing
Example:
Smith (1990:276) draws the following conclusions.
The 'placebo efect', which had been verified in previous studies, ....
3) Partially omitted quotes
- The word that is discarded can be replaced with three dots.
- The sentence that is discarded can be replaced with four dots.
4) Indirect quotations
Presented in the author's language
Example:
Third year students turned out to be better than fourth year students (Salimin, 1990:13)
b. References with Footnotes
- Use Latin numerals at the end of the reference syllable.
- Referenced works are listed in footnotes and references list.
- Placed 2 spaces from the end of the text
- Each chapter starts with number 1 (one)
- Indent 5 characters in the first line
- Use the word Ibid, to refer to the same work and page and not interspersed with other references.
- Use the word Loc.Cit, to refer to the same work and page and interspersed with other references.
- Use the word Op.Cit, to refer to the same work but on different pages and interspersed with other references.
Example:
3 Amat Mukhadis, 1996. Nonparametric Statistics in Education. Surabaya: Usaha
National, Page 9.
4 Ibid
5 Ibid, plant 10
6 Mulyadi, 1995. Social Psychology. Surabaya: National Enterprise, Page 15.
7 Amat Mukhadis. Loc.Cit
8 Mulyadi. Op.Cit. page 25
c. Reference List
The indentation on the second line is 5 characters, here is the format:
Includes (1) the author's name written in the order last name, first name and middle name,
without academic title, (2) year of publication, (3) title including subtitle, (4) city of publication,
and (5) the name of the publisher.
Example:
Strunk, W.Jr. 1979. The Elements of Style (3rd ed). New York: Macmillan
4. Tables and Figures
a. Purpose of Presenting Tables:
- Systematize statistical data
- Facilitate understanding and interpretation of data
- Facilitates the search for relationships between data.
b. Principles of Table Presentation:
- Simple and clear display
- > ½ page is presented on a separate page
- < ½ page integrated with text
- Given an identity (number and name)
- >1 page, table header section is repeated on the next page
- Each first letter of the table name is capitalized except for conjunctions.
- The word table is written , followed by the table number and name.
- If the name is more than one line, the second line etc. starts parallel to the new initial letters.
- Table titles do not end with a period (.)
- Three spaces between text before and after the table
- Made only horizontal lines, vertical lines are not visible
- The source is written if there is a quotation table.
Table Presentation Example:
Table 1.1 Percentage of Students Who Have Not Mastered the Seven Sub-Concepts of Fractions
No.Subconcept Ujung Pandang *) Sinjai Regency
1.Part-group, congruent parts 31,2 42,4
2.Part-whole, congruent parts 39,3 41,4
3.... dst
Source: Suradi, 1998:249
*) Municipal Area
c. Purpose of Presenting Images:
- Data visualization/qualitative statements
- Visualization of relationships between variables
- Presentation of statistical data with graphs
d. Principles of Image Presentation:
- Image title below image presentation
- The way of writing is the same as writing a table.
- Images must be clear and communicative
- Use of proportional images
- Images > 1 page are presented on a separate page
- Mention of the presence of an image should come before the image is presented.
- Images are referenced by image number and name.
- Numbering images with Arabic numerals
5. Printing
a. White HVS paper, size A4 (21 x 29.7 cm) or Quarto (21 x 28 cm)
b. Minimum paper 70 grams
c. Typing area 4 cm from the top, others 3 cm
d. Each page does not contain more than 26 lines.
e. Spasi Ganda
f. Final Manuscript is printed with a deskjet, inkjet or laser printer
g. Times New Roman font
h. Font size:
12 points for chapter title, sub-chapter title, abstract, appendices, and list of references
10 points for block quotes, table titles and footnote images
i. Letter mode:
Normal, Main text, abstract, tables, figures, notes, attachments
Italic, Non-Indonesian words, uncommon terms, important parts
Bottom Line, Not allowed.