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The previous material introduced us to the types of research. Apart from having types, it turns out that research is also classified based on:
- Objective;
- Approach;
- Place;
- Usage or results/reasons obtained;
- Field of science being researched;
- Research Level;
- Techniques used;
- Scientific;
- Specialization in the field (science) being worked on;
1. Based on Purpose
a. Basic research (development & evaluation of basic concepts)
- Deductive
- Inductive
b. Applied research (solving practical problems)
- Evaluation
- Development
- Action
- You can read a complete discussion of the examples above HERE .
2. Based on Approach
- Quantitative Research
- Qualitative Research
- Development Research
Comparison between Quantitative and Qualitative
| No. | Penelitian Kuantitatif | Penelitian Kualitatif |
|-----|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1. | Kejelasan Unsur : Tujuan, pendekatan, subjek, sampel, Sumber data sudah mantap, rinci sejak awal | Kejelasan Unsur : Subjek sampel, sumber data tidak mantap Dan rinci, masih fleksibel, timbul dan berkembangnya sambil jalan |
| 2. | Langkah penelitian : Segala sesuatu direncanakan sampai Matang ketika persiapan disusun | Langkah penelitian : Baru diketahui denagn mantap dan jelas setelah penelitian selesai |
| 3. | Hipotesis (Jika memang perlu) a. Mengajukan hipotesis yang akan diuji dalam penelitian; b. Hipotesis menentukan hasil yang diramalkan apriori. | Hipotesis (Jika memang perlu) Tidak menegmukakan hipotesis sebelumnya, tetapi dapat lahir selama penelitian berlangsung--- tentatif Hasil penelitian terbuka |
| 4. | Disain : Dalam disain jelas langkah-langkah penelitian dan hasil yang diharapkan | Disain : Disain penelitiannya fleksibel dengan langkah dan hasil yang tidak dapat dipastikan sebelumnya; |
| 5. | Pengumpulan data : Kegiatan dalam pengumpulan data memungkinkan untuk diwakilkan | Pengumpulan data : Kegiatan pengumpulan data selalu harus dilakukan sendiri oleh peneliti. |
| 6. | Analisis data : Dilakukan sesudah semua data terkumpul. | Analisis data : Dilakukan bersamaan dengan pengumpulan data |3. Based on Place
- Field Research (Field Research): directly in the field.
- Library Research: Carried out using literature from previous research.
- Laboratory Research (Laboratory Research): carried out in a specific place / lab, usually of an experimental or trial nature.
4. Based on Usage / Results / Reasons
Same as the example of Research Based on Objectives
- Basic Research: has intellectual reasons, in the context of developing science.
- Applied Research: has practical reasons, a desire to know; aims to be able to do something better, more effectively, more efficiently.
5. Based on Field of Science
- Social Research: Specifically researching social fields: economics, education, law, etc.;
- Exact Research: Specifically researching exact fields: Chemistry, Physics, Engineering; etc.
6. Based on Status
- Descriptive research
- Explanatory research
7. Based on Technique
- Survey Research: Does not make changes (no special treatment) to the variables being studied.
- Experimental Research (Experimental Research): changes are made (there is special treatment) to the variables being studied.
8. Based on Science
- Modern research
- Traditional research
9. Based on the Field of Specialization (Science) of Work
- Business (Accounting, Finance,
- Marketing Management),
- Communication (Mass, Business, Public Relations, Advertising),
- Law (Civil, Criminal, Constitutional, International),
- Agriculture (agribusiness, Agronomy, Plant Cultivation, Plant Pests),
- Technique,
- Economics (Micro, Macro, Development), etc.
Reference
Masri Singarimbun, Survey Research Methodology, 1989, LP3ES, Jakarta.
Suharsimi Arikunto, Research Procedures: A Practical Approach, 1997, Rineka Cipta, Yogyakarta.
Soekidjo Notoatmodjo, Research Methodology, 1993, Rineka Cipta, Yogyakarta.
Zainal A. Hasibuan, Research Methodology in the Field of Computer Science and Information Technology, Concepts, Methods, Techniques and Applications, 1997, Fasilkom UI, Jakarta.