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Writing a scientific paper is a stage of the overall process or stages that exist in the research element. Pouring the results of the research into a piece of writing is an absolute must for a researcher. This scientific paper must be scientific and written in accordance with the rules of scientific writing according to good and correct methodology.
In compiling a scientific report, the sentences arranged in the scientific work must be good sentences. So that the message we want to convey can be received well as we wish, the words used must be good word choices according to the concept of the message to be conveyed.
The following are the characteristics of scientific language:
- Scientific language must be precise and have a single meaning, not vague or ambiguous. Example: "this study examines effective and efficient object sharpening techniques".
- Scientific language precisely defines terms and concepts related to research, so as not to cause confusion.
- Scientific language is brief, clear and effective.
Example: "This article (is written with the intention of) discussing the trends in information technology approaching the 21st century."
Note: words in brackets should be removed.
Writing research reports can be used for several things, including:
- Used for academic study purposes in universities,
- The need for the development of knowledge,
- The needs of a particular institution,
- The need for scientific publication.
When presenting a report or scientific work, it is necessary to pay attention to the presentation method based on the report framework and the table of contents of the report.
In creating the structure of a scientific paper, there are several basic things that must be taken into account (see the Proposal and Report Writing Guidebook).
1. Research Title
The title of a scientific paper should be short, specific, and clear. Each title submitted should have a background problem that really needs to be solved and should describe the scope and content being researched.
The title submitted should be easy to understand and there should be a match between the title and the scientific work to be written. The title should use clear, concise, literary, brief, descriptive words. The title should also be able to display an interest so that people who read the title feel interested in reading its contents.
The following is an example of a research title in the field of computer science:
- Designing IT Governance to Support the Performance of Government Research Institutions
- Comparative Study of Cost Calculation of Free Open Source Software (Linux)
- With Proprietary Software (Microsoft) at Government Institutions of the Republic of Indonesia.
2. Abstract
It is a complete summary of the research. The abstract includes: "problem statements", methods, results, conclusions. The abstract that is made should describe the contents of the writing. The abstract is usually presented in one paragraph, without displaying graphic forms, images, abbreviations or references to the literature.
The abstract must clearly describe what the problem is in the research. In addition, there is a relationship between the theme and the problem to be discussed.
Under the abstract, keywords are usually given which can come from the title, abstract or content of the writing. These keywords are the words most often used to find out information about the topic to be presented.
An abstract is a summary of the contents of a paper in a very short format. For papers, the abstract usually consists of only one or two paragraphs.
Meanwhile, for theses and final assignments, abstracts are usually limited to one page. The content of the abstract does not need to be long with background, but rather straight to the point.
3. Introduction
The introduction contains the research background, problem formulation, benefits and objectives of the research (purpose of study) and limitations of the research (limitation of study).
The introduction in the research describes the background of why the research needs to be done. The background of the research includes things that encourage why the research is done. The background must be described clearly with the support of data or solid reasoning. The clarity of the background will make it easier to determine the formulation of the problem.
4. Problem Formulation
Describes problems that include concepts, hypotheses, research questions, variables, and assumptions used in the research.
Problem formulation can be done by identifying questions in the research to focus the research to be carried out and avoid collecting excessive data or data that is not needed.
Identification of research questions is also useful to help formulate hypotheses that will be tested for their truth. In addition, it is necessary to see whether the problems expressed explicitly and effectively or to what extent the problems being worked on are relevant to the "state of the art" of the computer science discipline.
5. Research Objectives
The benefits of the research must be written clearly, and it is necessary to pay attention to whether these benefits are practical and theoretical benefits.
The purpose of the research can be exploration, proof, application of theory, or making a prototype. The purpose of the research needs to be written clearly and there must be a relationship between the purpose of the research and the problem being studied.
6. Research Limitations
Research limitations describe the limitations of the parameters used, due to the research methods and settings used.
7. Library Review
A literature review is a conceptual framework for analyzing facts collected in research or studies on a problem being studied.
Reference sources (books, journals, magazines, etc.) should come from the most recent sources and be relevant to the research topic.
Literature review contains the extent of the originality and actuality of the research. Literature review is useful for discussing the latest developments in the relevant research area. In addition, it also discusses "general agreement or disagreement" between researchers.
Literature review is a way to analyze, synthesize, summarize, and compare the results of one study with another. This literature review has been described in chapter 3.
8. Research Methods
The research method describes in detail the methods that will be used in the research process. The description can include variables in the research, the models used, the research design, data collection and analysis techniques. The research method describes how the research is carried out.
- Implemented,
- Determination of research subjects,
- Materials, tools, and procedures used,
- Describe the techniques used,
- Explaining the data analysis used,
- The goal is for other people to be able to repeat the same research.
In conducting research, research methods and designs must be in accordance with the objectives and problems of the research. The research method chosen must be relevant to the problem to be conveyed and it is also necessary to pay attention to the basis for selecting the method used in the research.
In this research methodology chapter, a theoretical framework is also described which presents a description of the theory related to the research activity. The framework of thought contains the points in the introduction presented explicitly in the form of subheadings.
Furthermore, it is also necessary to regulate the research design that will be implemented in the research to choose the appropriate methods and techniques for the research to be implemented. The research methods and techniques are then arranged into a research design.
9. Results and Discussion
The discussion usually discusses the findings from the research results, integrates presentation, processing, and interpretation, and creates an outline of the data processing results such as tables, graphs, images and so on.
These results and discussions are a place for authors to express their ideas and creativity towards the findings obtained from the research results. In addition, the results and discussions also integrate presentation, processing and interpretation by creating an outline of the results of data processing such as tables, graphs, images, charts, and so on.
When writing about the results and discussion, what needs to be remembered is not to write a long discussion but to make logical argumentative sentences so that the research results and the essence of the research that you want to describe do not seem general and are relevant to what you want to convey.
Opinions and writings that have been described in the previous section do not need to be repeated, but only referred to as necessary. To find out how much the research conducted is in accordance with the previously determined research objectives, it needs to be described carefully.
10. Conclusion and Suggestions
Describes the conclusions from the research results and suggestions containing recommendations to continue anything that has not been implemented in previous research.
Review research results, review weaknesses, summarize conclusions, "future research".
In the conclusion, try to review the research findings and relate the findings to previous research results, and relate the findings to theoretical implications and explain how the findings can expand science and technology.
Meanwhile, suggestions that will be put forward in scientific writing should be aimed at overcoming and helping to solve the problem being researched, besides also being related to the things that need to be discussed and the possibility of being implemented or applied.
11. Bibliography
Almost all research builds on previous research. Researchers usually start by reading related literature and getting ideas from it. In presenting their work, the researchers acknowledge their predecessors by writing the source of the document in the reading list section.
The bibliography contains a list of reference sources used in writing a scientific work. This bibliography usually contains a collection of references that are actually referred to in making the scientific work.
What needs to be remembered is that what has been included in the contents of the writing related to citations in other people's documents must be included in the bibliography to avoid plagiarism (don't let there be any references that are referred to but are not listed in the bibliography or vice versa).
The way to write this bibliography is arranged alphabetically by the last name of the first author and the year of publication. Writing a bibliography should be guided by the existing bibliography citation writing guide.
When writing a bibliography, the author's academic title should not be included, and usually the bibliography is arranged alphabetically according to the style for writing reference literature (bibliography) such as APA (American Psychology Association) and MLA (Modern Language Association) as described in the review "Citations".
Explanation of the Systematic Structure of Scientific Papers
1. Explain the contents of the summary or abstract in scientific research.
- There are 3 main contents of the Essence.
- Paragraph 1 contains the formulation of the problem or issues in the research.
- Paragraph 2 contains methods for solving problems in research.
- Paragraph 3 contains the results of the research that has been conducted.
2. Explain the contents of the Introduction in scientific research.
Background of the Problem. There are 3 main contents of the Background of the Problem:
- Ideal Global Conditions.
- Less than ideal condition of the object.
- Solutions provided/offered by researchers.
Problem Formulation. Contains news sentences and / or passive sentences. Example:
STMIK El Rahma does not have/does not use a personnel system until...
Jl. Sisingamangaraja does not have/does not use automatic railway barriers so...
The cost of purchasing a PC is expensive...
Problem Limitation. What will be discussed in the research. Example:
Discussing attendance, cash bonds, basic salary, allowances...
Discussing about automatic railway crossing gates that can...
Discussing PC Cloning which can...
Research Objectives. What will be achieved in the research. Start with verbs: create, analyze, design, calculate, evaluate, produce... Example:
Building an IS that can be used for...
Making automatic railway crossing gates that can...
Reduce Hardware costs...
Benefits of Research. Are the benefits of research obtained by the research object. Example:
El Rahma Islamic College.
Users of Jl. Sisingamangaraja.
PC Cloning Users.
3. Explain the contents of the Problem Formulation and provide examples in scientific research.
Contains news sentences and/or passive sentences. Example:
STMIK El Rahma does not have/does not use a personnel system until...
Jl. Sisingamangaraja does not have/does not use automatic railway barriers so...
The cost of purchasing a PC is expensive...
4. Explain the contents of the Problem Limitation in scientific research.
What will be discussed in the research. Example:
Discussing attendance, cash bonds, basic salary, allowances...
Discussing about automatic railway crossing gates that can...
Discussing PC Cloning which can...
5. Explain the contents of the Research Objectives of scientific research.
What will be achieved in the research. Starting with the verbs: create, analyze, design, calculate, evaluate, produce... Example:
Building an IS that can be used for...
Making automatic railway crossing gates that can...
Reducing Hardware Costs...
6. Explain the contents of the Benefits of Research in scientific research.
It is the benefit of research obtained by the research object. Example:
El Rahma Islamic College.
Users of Jl. Sisingamangaraja.
PC Cloning Users.
7. What sources is the Literature Review taken from?
Reference sources are taken from journals, seminars, proceedings.
References are taken that have similarities/similarities in the research topic.
Minimum 3 sources.
Created a table.
8. Explain the contents of the Conclusions and Suggestions in scientific research.
Conclusion: Answer the problem formulation using the system created.
Suggestion: Intended for subsequent researchers for research development. Contains research deficiencies or what can still be improved from the research.
9. Make an example of writing a Bibliography (three sources).
Ainul Qolbi, 2013, West Pasaman Plantation Information System, Journal, Informatics Engineering UPN
"Veteran" Yogyakarta.
N.R.Neira, J.V.Ángel,2012, "Iturbide A Comparative Study on the Analysis of Students Interactions in e-Learning,"
Eighth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies.
E.Sutanta, 2015,"Development of E-Learning From the Past", http://www.tintaguru.com /2014/ 10/
e-Learning-and-its-development-history. html, . Accessed: 22-Aug-2015, at: 19.oo WIB.
Source
Compiled by Momon Muzakkar, ST, Subject "Professional Program"