High Speed ​​LAN (HSLAN)


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LAN (Local Area Network) is a network that is limited by a relatively small area, generally limited by an environmental area such as an office in a building, or a school, and usually not far from around 1 square km.


High Speed ​​LAN

With this LAN system, several PCs that previously worked individually can finally work together within certain limits, even with larger computer systems. The cooperation that can be done is also increasingly developing from just exchanging data to using equipment connected to one of the computer systems.

LAN networks usually consist of: File server, functions to control the hard disk and connect it to the network. Utility server, with this equipment allows each user in the network to use several equipment, such as modems, plotters and others. Printer server, functions to share printer access into the network so that it can be used by all users. Gateway, is a device in the network that is useful for communicating with other networks.

At present, many efforts have been developed to improve LAN performance to a higher level.

Substance:

  1. FIBER DISTRIBUTION DATA INTERFACE (FDDI) 
  2. COPPER DISTRIBUTION DATA ITERFACE (CDDI)
  3. FAST ETHERNET
  4. GIGABIT ETHERNET
  5. HIGH PERFORMANCE PARALLEL INTERFACE (HPPI)
  6. FIBRE CHANEL

1. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is a 100-Mbps network technology that can reach a range of up to 200 km, using a token ring model.

The purpose of FDDl is to be used as a backbone to connect copper wire LANs, and is also used in the same way as 802 LANs, except that FDDl has a wider bandwidth. FDDl uses multimode optical fiber because it does not require the additional cost of single-mode optical fiber for networks operating at only 100 Mbps. FDDl also uses LEDs instead of lasers, not only because of the low cost of LEDs, but also because FDDl can sometimes be connected directly to the user's workstation. Using lasers can cause retinal holes in the user. LEDs are too weak to cause eye damage but are strong enough to move data accurately at 100 Mbps. The FDDI design specification states that there will be no errors exceeding 1 error in 2.5x 10 10 bits.

2.a. Fiber Cable Type 

FDDI defines two types of fiber cables that can be used:

  • Single-mode -- Single-mode fiber cable allows only one mode of light for conduction through the fiber. (A mode is a light that enters a fiber at a certain angle of reflection.)
  • Multimode -- Multimode fiber allows multiple modes of light to propagate through the fiber cable.

The figure below shows single-mode fiber using a laser light source and multimode fiber using an LED light source:


Basic Fiber Optic

2.b. FDDI Specifications

The standard FDDI specification is defined in 4 specifications, namely:

  1. Media Access Control (MAC), The MAC specification defines how a transmission medium is accessed, including the definition of frame format, token handling, addressing, cyclic redundancy check (CRC) calculation algorithm, and error recovery mechanisms.
  2. Physical Layer Protocol (PHY), The PHY specification defines data encoding/decoding procedures, clock requirements, framing and other functions.
  3. Physical Medium Dependent (PMD), PMD defines the characteristics of the transmission media, including the glass fiber connections, electrical levels, bit error rates, optical components, and required connectors.
  4. Station Management (SMT), The SMT specification defines FDDI station configuration, ring configuration, and ring control, including adding and removing new stations, initialization, failure protection and recovery, scheduling, and collection of statistical data about the FDDI network.

The figure below shows the 4 FDDI specifications, and their relationship to each other and to the Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer:


FDDI Specifications

2.c. FDDI Failure Tolerance

FDDI provides several mechanisms to support fault tolerance in FDDI networks, namely:

Dual Ring

Dual Ring is the primary fault-tolerant configuration for all FDDI networks. Dual ring is the primary capability of FDDI to handle failures in its network. If a station on the dual ring fails or goes down, or a cable is damaged, the dual ring configuration automatically "wrapped" (rewrapped) into a single ring. When the ring is "wrapped", the dual-ring topology becomes a single-ring topology.


FDDI dual-ring architecture

Optical Bypass Switch

An optical bypass switch provides continued dual-ring operation if a device on the dual ring goes down or fails.

Dual Homing

Dual homing provides a redundant configuration for critical devices on an FDDI network. Critical equipment such as routers or mainframes can use a dual-homing technique that provides additional similar equipment to support critical operations. In a dual-homing situation, the critical equipment is connected to two concentrators. One pair of concentrator links is considered active, and the other pair is considered passive.


Dual-Homing Model Image

The passive connection will remain in the backup connection status, until the primary connection is declared failed. When this happens, the passive connection is automatically activated.

2. Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI)

Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) is an extension of the FDDI protocol over two pairs of wires. Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI) is a less expensive implementation of the FDDI protocol, designed for twisted-pair copper installations. Like FDDI, CDDI provides a data transfer rate of 100 Mbps and uses a dual ring architecture to provide redundancy. CDDI supports distances up to 100 meters from the desktop to the concentrator.

The CDDI standard is defined by the ANSI X3T9.5 committee. The CDDI standard is officially named the Twisted-Pair Physical Medium Dependent (TP-PMD) standard. It is also referred to as TP-DDI (Twisted Pair Distributed Data Interface). CDDI itself is consistent with the physical and media access control layers defined by the ANSI standard. The figure below shows the CDDI TP-PMD specification in relation to the FDDI specification:


CDDI Specifications

Wiring

There are two types of cables that can be used for CDDI networks:

  1. Shielded twisted pair (STP) STP cabling has a 150-ohm impedance and complies with the EIA/TIA 568 (IBM Type 1) standard.
  2. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) -- UTP is a data cable (Category 5) consisting of 4 unshielded pairs twisted together and wrapped in a plastic jacket and following the EIA/TIA 568B specification.

3. Fast Ethernet

Fast Ethernet is a device to support a 10 Mbps LAN which requires many supporting devices such as repeaters, bridges, routers to obtain a higher transfer rate.

Fast Ethernet is a term for Ethernet network technology that offers higher speeds compared to standard Ethernet. The speed it offers reaches 100 megabits per second. Fast Ethernet uses the same media access control method as Ethernet, namely Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).

Fast Ethernet uses 2 types of Hubs, namely:

  • Shared Hub (single conversation) In Share Hub, the data transmission speed from the server and terminal is the same, which is 100 Mbps divided equally for all ports. So each existing port is dependent.
  • Switched Hub ( Multiple Conversation ) In Switched Hub, the maximum data transmission speed between the server and the terminal is not divided equally for all ports and it is possible for each port to have a different speed, for example 10 or 100 Mbps. So each port is independent and the existing hub functions as a toll road.

The cable used in Fast Ethernet

The standards used are: 100BaseFX, 100BaseT, 100BaseT4 and 100BaseTX. This protocol quickly became popular, because it provides 10 times higher speed than 10BaseT at a relatively low price. Fast Ethernet depends on the type of media/cable used, classified into several types as follows:

  • 100BaseTX: The 100BaseTX protocol supports the use of category-5 UTP cables as used by the IOBaseT protocol so that it can be used without much change in the existing cabling distribution. What needs to be replaced is only the hub and network adapter that is able to support the 100BaseTX protocol. Many network adapters and hubs produced recently have the ability to automatically detect speeds of 10 or 100 Mbps. Network cables do not need to be replaced because 100BaseTX can function properly using category-5 UTP cables, such as those used by the 1OBaseT network with the same cable length between hub and hub or hub to computer, which is also 100 meters. However, for the 100BaseTX protocol, the maximum network diameter (the furthest distance between two computers) is 205 meters.
  • 100BaseFX : This protocol type supports the use of fiber optic cables with a maximum distance of 412 meters.
  • 100BaseT: 100BaseT is also called Fast Ethernet or 100BaseX, is an Ethernet that has a speed of 100 Mbps. There are several types of 100BaseT based on the cable used, namely: 100BaseT4, using Category-5 UTP cable and the cable used is 4 pairs. 100BaseTX, using Category-5 UTP cable and the cable used is only 2 pairs. 100BaseTX, using fiber optic cable, in 100BaseT using Coaxial cable the maximum total cable using Class II Hub is 205 m, with details of 100 m for the segment length and 5 m for the Hub to Hub connection. While for 100BaseFX using two Repeaters can reach 412 m, and the segment length with fiber optic can reach 2000 m.

4. Gigabit Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet is an extension of the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard. Which is based on the Ethernet protocol to increase access speeds tenfold to 1000 Mbps or 1 Gbps. The standards used are: 1000BaseCX, 1000BaseLX, 1000BaseSX and 1000BaseT. Gigabit Ethernet is the latest Ethernet protocol that supports speeds of 1000 Mbps.

Gigabit Ethernet depends on the type of media used, consisting of several types as follows:

  • 1000BaseTX, Is the latest type of Ethernet protocol that uses a speed of 1000 Gigabits per second (Gbps) and supports the use of category-5 UTP cables. Its specifications are very similar to the 100BaseTX protocol, for example the maximum cable distance is 100 meters with a network diameter of 205 meters.
  • 1000BaseSX and 1000 BaseLX, The 1000BaseSX and 1000BaseLX protocols are based on the 802.3z specification that supports the use of fiber optic media capable of transmitting data with cable lengths of up to 550 meters for the 1000BaseSX protocol, and 3000 meters for the 1000BaseLX protocol, depending on the type and mode of the fiber optic used. Therefore, this protocol is widely used as a backbone network for campus networks.

5. High Performance Parallel Interface (HPPI)

HPPI is a high-speed data transfer protocol with various functions, advantages and limitations. HIPPI Standard Covers the physical layer and data link layer. For the layers above it depends on the user. The basic protocol is for communication.

HPPI (High Performance Parallel Interface) was originally designed as a point to point data channel with a master -- slave form that uses a dedicated cable without switching. The capacity provided is 800 Mbps and 1600 Mbps. At a capacity of 800 Mbps, 50 twisted pair cables are used to transmit 50 bits (32 data bits + 18 control bits). Every 40 nanoseconds a word is transferred to the channel in a simplex manner with a length of no more than 25 m.

6. Fiber Channel

It is a network system using fiber optics that is capable of providing very large capacity because it has a very wide bandwidth so that it can be used for data communication purposes at very high speeds.

Fiber Channel is one of the HDD interfaces commonly used in large-scale storage networks (Wide Area Network). This interface is designed using a dedicated network protocol so as not to burden the existing network.

HDD Fibre Channel has an interface specifically designed to handle long-distance data transfers in a network system, so it uses special ports and cables. To implement it, we need a special controller or add-in card installed in the PCI slot. Fibre Channel also has a special port that can be directly connected to a twisted-pair copper or Fiber Optic cable, so it does not burden data traffic via Ethernet Server. In Indonesia, there are still few companies that implement Fibre Channel, so this device is difficult to find.

About Local Area Network (LAN)

LAN is a computer network that covers a local area, such as a home, office or group of buildings. LANs now mostly use technology based on IEEE 802.3 Ethernet switches, or with Wi-Fi. Most run at speeds of 10, 100, or 1000 Mbps.

The striking difference between a Local Area Network (LAN) and a Wide Area Network (WAN) is that it uses more data, is only for a small area, and does not require network rental.

Although now the most widely used ethernet switch on the physical layer using TCP/IP as the protocol, at least there are still many other devices that can be used to build a LAN. LAN can be connected to other LANs using routers and leased lines to form a WAN. In addition, it can be connected to the internet and can be connected to other LANs using tunnels and VPN technology.

Devices commonly used in LAN:

Figure 3.3 LAN Technology Devices
Figure 3.3 LAN Technology Devices

While those used on LAN:

Figure 3.4 LAN Technology
Figure 3.4 LAN Technology

1. Ethernet and IEEE 802.x Local Area Network 

The most widely used network device with IEEE 802.3 standardization, the data format can be seen in Figure 3.5.

Figure 3.5 Frame format for Ethernet and IEEE 802.3
Figure 3.5 Frame format for Ethernet and IEEE 802.3

In the data link layer, IEEE 802.2 is used, namely Logical Link Controller (LLC) which is used in Media Access Control (MAC). Some Ethernet technologies include those in Figure 3.6.

Figure 3.6 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
Figure 3.6 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

For Ethernet technology the format used is: 

[ x ][ y ][ z ]

Example: 10BaseT, where it means 10, is the speed with Mbps units. In addition to 10 there are also 100, 1000 Base, is the technology used in the form of Baseband. In addition there is also Broadband T, is Twisted Pair, where the media used is twisted cable (twisted pair).

a. Ethernet

10Base-5 Coax

Also known as thick ethernet technology. Where the devices used are as in Figure 3.7. This technology is used in Token Ring networks (IEEE 802.5), where the network is formed like a circle.

Figure 3.7 Ethernet 10Base5
Figure 3.7 Ethernet 10Base5

Information: 

  • tap : no need to cut the cable
  • transceiver: used as a transmitter/receiver, collision detection, and electrical isolation
  • AUI: Attachment User Interface
  • Used for backbone networks
  • Maximum distance for each segment = 500m
  • Maximum number of hosts per segment = 100
  • Minimum distance between 2 stations = 2.5m
  • Maximum distance between 2 stations = 2.8km.

10Base-2 Coax

Also known as thin ethernet technology. Where the devices used are as in Figure 3.8.

Figure 3.8 Ethernet 10Base2
Figure 3.8 Ethernet 10Base2

Information:

  • Using BNC connectors
  • Used in office LAN
  • Maximum segment distance = 185m
  • Maximum number of stations per segment = 30
  • Minimum distance between 2 stations = 0.5m
  • Maximum distance between 2 stations = 925m.

Copper (cooper) 10Base-T

Network technology for LAN which uses hub as repeater. Illustration of Ethernet 10BaseT as in Figure 3.9.

Figure 3.9 Ethernet 10BaseT
Figure 3.9 Ethernet 10BaseT

If using T means using Twisted Pair media, and if using F means using Fiber Optic media. For devices on the user side, it is also called Network Interface Card (NIC).

10Base-F Fiber

Technology that uses fiber optic and is widely used to connect between buildings. The maximum distance of the segment allowed is 2000m.

b. Fast Ethernet

Copper 100Base-T2

Data is transmitted over 2 pairs of copper wires.

Copper 100Base-T4

Ethernet network with speeds up to 100 (fast ethernet). The maximum distance per segment is 100m using category 3 twisted pair cable.

Copper 100Base-Tx

100Mbps high-speed Ethernet network. The maximum segment distance is 100m full duplex. This network uses twisted pair cable.

Fiber 100Base-FX

100Mbps high-speed Ethernet network. The maximum distance per segment is 2000m full duplex using 2 fiber optic cables.

Fiber 100Base-SX

Ethernet network uses 2 fiber optic cables to transmit and receive with a maximum distance of 300m.

Fiber 100Base-BX

Ethernet network uses 1 fiber optic cable with singlemode type.

c. Gigabit Ethernet

Fiber 1000Base-SX

Ethernet network with a speed of 1000Mbps. Using fiber optic media with a maximum distance per segment of 550m. The fiber optic used is a multimode type (50, 62.5 microns).

Fiber 1000Base-LX

Ethernet network with a speed of 1000Mbps. Using fiber optic media with a maximum distance per segment of up to 5000m. The fiber optic used is a singlemode type (10 microns) or multimode (50, 62.5 microns).

Fiber 1000Base-CX 

Ethernet network with a speed of 1000Mbps. Using Twisted Pair cable media, namely 2 pairs of STP. The maximum distance per segment is 25m.

Cooper 1000Base-TX

Ethernet network with a speed of 1000Mbps. Using Twisted Pair cable media, namely 4 pairs of UTP. The maximum distance per segment is 100m.

d. 10Gigabit Ethernet

Fiber LAN Phy 10GBase-SR

10Gigabit network for short-range, used for distances of 26m to 82m. Can reach 300m when using 50um 2000MHz-km multimode FO.

Fiber LAN Phy 10GBase-LRM 

Achieve a distance of 220m using FDDI-grade 62.5 µm multimode FO.

Fiber LAN Phy 10GBase-LR 

Reach a range of 10km using 1310 nm single-mode FO.

Fiber LAN Phy 10GBase-ER 

Reaching a range of 40km using 1550 nm single-mode FO.

Fiber LAN Phy 10GBase-LX4 

10Gigabit network using wavelength division multiplexing technology up to 240m -- 300m. Can reach 10km using single-mode FO with a size of 1310nm.

WAN Phy 

10GBase-SW, 10GBase-LW, and 10GBase-EW are used for WAN networks, used in conjunction with OC-192/STM-64 SDH/SONET.

Cooper 10GBase-CX4 

Using 4 copper cable lines, up to 15m.

Cooper 10GBase-T

Using UTP / STP cables with categories 6 and 7.

Hub, Switch and Router

Devices used for this technology include: 

  • Hub, Repeater: these devices work on layer 1
  • Switch, bridge: these devices work on layer 2
  • Router: this device works on layer 3

So according to the OSI layer, the devices that can be used are as in Figure 3.10.

Figure 3.10 Network Devices According to Layer
Figure 3.10 Network Devices According to Layer

The difference in how Hub and Switch work can be seen in Figure 3.11 and Figure 3.12.

Figure 3.11 How HUB works
Figure 3.11 How HUB works

Figure 3.12 How the Switch works
Figure 3.12 How the Switch works


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