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Of the various ways used to obtain the truth of knowledge throughout history, it can be grouped into two, and one of them is the traditional or non-scientific way. Meanwhile, in this traditional or non-scientific process consists of:
1. Trial and Error
This method has been used by people before there was culture, maybe even before there was civilization. At that time, when someone faced a problem or issue, the solution was done by trial and error.
This trial and error method is done by using possibilities in solving problems and if the possibility does not work, another possibility is tried. If the second possibility fails, the third possibility is tried again and so on until the problem can be solved, that is why this method is called the trial and error method.
This method has been used by people for quite a long time to solve various problems, even now this method is still often used, especially by those who do not know or do not know a particular way to solve the problems they face.
This method has been of great service, especially in laying the foundations for finding theories in various branches of science. One example of the reflection of this method is the discovery of quinine as a medicine to cure malaria.
2. Power or Authority
In everyday human life, there are many habits and traditions that people carry out, without thinking about whether what they are doing is good or not.
These customs are usually passed down from generation to generation, for example why there must be a selapanan and turun tanah ceremony for babies, why breastfeeding mothers must drink herbal medicine. Customs like this do not only occur in traditional societies, but also in modern societies.
This habit is as if accepted from its source as absolute truth. The source of this knowledge can be community leaders, both formal and informal, religious figures, government officials and so on. In other words, this knowledge is obtained based on authority or power, whether tradition, government authority, religious leader authority or scientific expert.
3. Personal Experience
Experience is a good teacher, because experience is a way to obtain the truth of knowledge. Therefore, personal experience can be used as an effort to obtain knowledge, this is done by repeating the experience obtained in solving problems faced in the past.
Someone who suffers from fever can recover by drinking papaya leaf water, will repeat this method the next time he or a family member suffers from fever, and this person may even spread this knowledge to the people around him.
However, it should also be noted that here, not all personal experiences can lead someone to draw the right conclusions. To draw the right conclusions from experience requires critical and logical thinking.
4. Through the Mind Path
Along with the development of the times and culture of mankind, the way of thinking of humans has also developed. Humans have been able to use their reasoning in gaining knowledge. In other words, in gaining the truth of knowledge, humans have been able to use their way of thinking either through induction or deduction.
Induction and deduction are ways of producing thoughts indirectly through statements that are put forward, then looking for the relationship so that a conclusion can be made. If the process of making a conclusion is through specific statements to general statements, it is called induction, while deduction is making a conclusion from general statements to specific statements.
Example:
It seems that I have made inductive conclusions to understand the concept of Encoder and Decoder, which is more general, namely the process of converting signals from machines to a human language approach.
Appendix
Also read: Modern (scientific) Ways of Gaining Knowledge
Reference
- Masri Singarimbun, Survey Research Methodology, 1989, LP3ES, Jakarta.
- Suharsimi Arikunto, Research Procedures: A Practical Approach, 1997, Rineka Cipta, Yogyakarta.
- Soekidjo Notoatmodjo, Research Methodology, 1993, Rineka Cipta, Yogyakarta.
- Zainal A. Hasibuan, Research Methodology in the Field of Computer Science and Information Technology, Concepts, Methods, Techniques and Applications, 1997, Fasilkom UI, Jakarta.