Packet Tracer Interconnect Simulation (PTIS)


PTIS:   SOLD       



Objective:

  • Students are able to use devices and create interconnections between devices in Packet Tracer.
  • Students are able to simulate computer networks with switches, hubs and repeaters.
  • Students are able to simulate computer networks with bridges
  • Students are able to simulate computer networks with routers

A. Supporting Theory

Computer (2011) explains that all computer networks are composed of hardware that functions as a connecting component that connects network nodes.

1. Network Interface Card (NIC)

Network Interface Card often abbreviated as Network Adapter or NIC is a computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate using a network. NIC allows physical access to the network media and also provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC Addresses. NIC allows users to connect to each other using cables or wirelessly.

2. Hub

A hub contains multiple types of ports. When a data packet arrives at one of the ports, it is copied to the other ports on the hub. When the packet is copied, the destination address is not changed to broadcast. In other words, the hub simply copies the data to everything connected to the hub.

3. Switch

Switch is a term that refers to routers and bridges and also to devices that can divide traffic based on the load or content of an application (for example, the URL of a web page). Switches can operate at more than one layer in the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) layer. Devices that can work simultaneously at more than one layer are called Multilayer Switches.

4. Repeater

Repeater is an electronic device that is tasked with receiving signals and then forwarding them at a higher level or with greater power. Or it can also forward data packets sent from a PC without having intelligence like a router that has a destination filtering packet, both IP, MAC Address and others so that the signal can only be channeled to a distant place without degradation.

5. Bridge

Bridge is a network device used to expand or split a network. Bridge functions to connect and combine network segments in the data link layer (the second layer in the OSI model). Bridge functions differently from a hub where the bridge does not copy traffic and mix it to all ports. Bridge will know the MAC Address that can be reached through the ports.

Once the bridge knows the destination port and address, it will send traffic to that address only to the destination port. The bridge does not send broadcasts to all ports except the ports that are authorized to receive the broadcast.

Bridges are able to recognize ports and addresses by examining the source address of the frames they see on each port. When the frame reaches a port, the source address is stored and the bridge assumes a MAC address is associated with that port. Once the address is known, the bridge forwards the frame to all ports.

Bridges can be divided into 3 basic types, as follows.

  1. Local BridgeLocal Bridge connects LANs directly.
  2. Remote BridgeRemote bridge can be used to create Wide Area Network (WAN) links between existing LANs. However, remote bridges whose connection speeds are slower than the end network are generally now replaced by routers.
  3. Wireless BridgeWireless bridges can be used to combine LANs or connect remote workstations to a LAN.

6. Router

A router is a network device that is tasked with breaking down or expanding a network by forwarding data packets along the network using headers and forwarding tables so that it can determine the best route for transportation.

Routers contain internal tables of information called routing labels that keep track of all known network addresses and available paths and their travel times. Because they use the destination network packet address, routers work only if the protocol configured in the router table is TCP/IP or IPX/SPX. This is in contrast to bridges which are protocol independent.

In general, a router does not have to be connected to two networks. Two LANs or WANs to a LAN and a network from an ISP (Internet Service Provider). Some DSL modems and cable modems also have a router function integrated into them, allowing multiple computers to form a network and connect directly to the internet.

B. Practicum

a. Create a computer network 5 hosts 1 switch

PC0-PC04 (192.168.0.1-192.168.0.5) netmask 255.255.255.0

b. Create a computer network with 1 repeater, 1 switch, 1 hub and 5 hosts

PC0-PC04 (10.10.10.1-10.10.10.5) netmask 255.0.0.0

c. Create a computer network with 1 bridge, 2 hubs and 4 hosts

PC0-PC04 (172.16.0.1-172.16.0.5) netmask 255.255.0.0

d. Create a computer network with 1 router, 4 hosts and 1 switch

PC0-PC2
IP Address 192.168.0.11-192.168.0.13 / 255.255.255.0
Gateway 192.168.0.1

PC3
IP Address 192.168.10.2/ 255.255.255.0
Gateway 192.168.10.1

Router
Fa0/0 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 (gateway for PC0 to PC2)
Fa0/1 192.168.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 (gateway for PC 3)

Bibliography

Computer, W, 2011, Network Administration With Linux Ubuntu 11, Andi Publisher, Yogyakarta.


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